CPP Preproc
最佳实践
- 预处理阶段编程的操作目标是源码，用各种指令控制预处理器，把源码改造成另一种形式，就像是捏橡皮泥一样。
- 包含文件
#include，作用是包含文件，注意可以包含任何文件。 - 在书写头文件时，通常使用
Include Guard机制，即#ifndef/#define/#endif，来保证当前的头文件只会被包含一次。 - 宏定义
#define/#undef，用来定义一个源码级别的文本替换。使用宏的时候一定要谨慎，时刻记着以简化代码、清晰易懂为目标，不要“滥用”，避免导致源码混乱不堪，降低可读性。- 因为宏的展开、替换发生在预处理阶段，不涉及函数调用、参数传递、指针寻址，没有任何运行期的效率损失，所以对于一些调用频繁的小代码片段来说，用宏来封装的效果比
inline关键字要更好。 - 宏是没有作用域概念的，永远是全局生效。所以，对于一些用来简化代码、起临时作用的宏，最好是用完后尽快用
#undef取消定义，避免冲突的风险。例如：使用宏定义的类型作用域是“全局的”，而使用using声明的类型是有作用域限制的。 - 可以适当使用宏来定义代码中的常量，消除魔术数字（magic number）。
- 用宏来代替直接定义名字空间。
- 因为宏的展开、替换发生在预处理阶段，不涉及函数调用、参数传递、指针寻址，没有任何运行期的效率损失，所以对于一些调用频繁的小代码片段来说，用宏来封装的效果比
// 通过 #define 指令定义一个宏：#define NAME_OF_MACRO value
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
auto foo = (char *)malloc(BUFFER_SIZE);
- 条件编译
#if/#else/#endif。可以在预处理阶段实现分支处理，通过判断宏的数值来产生不同的源码，改变源文件的形态，这就是条件编译。- 通常编译环境都会有一些预定义宏，比如 CPU 支持的特殊指令集、操作系统 / 编译器 / 程序库的版本、语言特性等，使用它们就可以早于运行阶段，提前在预处理阶段做出各种优化，产生出最适合当前系统的源码。
- 与优化更密切相关的底层系统信息在 C++ 语言标准里没有定义，但编译器通常都会提供，比如 GCC 可以使用一条简单的命令查看
g++ -E -dM - < /dev/null。基于它们，你就可以更精细地根据具体的语言、编译器、系统特性来改变源码，有，就用新特性；没有，就采用变通实现。
// Here, expression is an expression of integer type (can be integers, characters, arithmetic expression, macros and so on).
#if expression
// conditional codes
#endif
#if expression
// conditional codes if expression is non-zero
#else
// conditional if expression is 0
#endif
#if expression
// conditional codes if expression is non-zero
#elif expression1
// conditional codes if expression is non-zero
#elif expression2
// conditional codes if expression is non-zero
#else
// conditional if all expressions are 0
#endif
// Here, the conditional codes are included in the program only if MACRO is defined.
#ifdef MACRO
// conditional codes
#endif
// The special operator #defined is used to test whether a certain macro is defined or not. It's often used with #if directive.
#if defined BUFFER_SIZE && BUFFER_SIZE >= 2048
// code
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert
#ifdef NDEBUG
# define assert(condition) ((void)0)
#else
# define assert(condition) /*implementation defined*/
#endif
- Variadic Macros (可变参宏)
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Variadic-Macros.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_macro_in_the_C_preprocessor
#ifdef DEBUG_THRU_UART0
# define DEBUG(...) printString (__VA_ARGS__)
#else
void dummyFunc(void);
# define DEBUG(...) dummyFunc()
#endif
DEBUG(1,2,3); //calls printString(1,2,3) or dummyFunc() depending on
//-DDEBUG_THRU_UART0 compiler define was given or not, when compiling.
##__VA_ARGS__的作用？
#define FOO(...) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define BAR(fmt, ...) printf(fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
FOO("this works fine");
BAR("this breaks!");
refer:
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5588855/standard-alternative-to-gccs-va-args-trick
-
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26053959/what-does-va-args-in-a-macro-mean
- C++17引入了一个新的预处理工具
__has_include，可以检查文件是否存在，注意不是包含。 - 有的编译器支持指令
#pragma once，也可以实现Include Guard，但是它是非标准的，不推荐使用。 - C++20新增了模块
module特性，可以实现一次性加载，但Include Guard在短期内还是无可替代的。 - 使用
boost.preprocessor库可以实现复杂的预处理元编程，它提供分支，迭代等基本语言结构，甚至还有数组，链表等容器。
用法示例
#ifndef _XXX_H_INCLUDED_
#define _XXX_H_INCLUDED_
// 头文件内容
#endif // _XXX_H_INCLUDED_
// 或者，使用编译器的特性（非跨平台）：
_Pragma("once")
// 参考nginx代码
#define ngx_tolower(c) ((c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ? (c | 0x20) : c)
#define ngx_toupper(c) ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ? (c & ~0x20) : c)
#define ngx_memzero(buf, n) (void) memset(buf, 0, n)
#define CUBE(a) (a) * (a) * (a) // 定义一个简单的求立方的宏
cout << CUBE(10) << endl; // 使用宏简化代码
cout << CUBE(15) << endl; // 使用宏简化代码
#undef CUBE // 使用完毕后立即取消定义
#ifdef AUTH_PWD // 检查是否已经有宏定义
# undef AUTH_PWD // 取消宏定义
#endif // 宏定义检查结束
#define AUTH_PWD "xxx" // 重新宏定义
#define MAX_BUF_LEN 65535
// 用宏来代替直接定义名字空间
#define BEGIN_NAMESPACE(x) namespace x {
#define END_NAMESPACE(x) }
BEGIN_NAMESPACE(my_own)
... // functions and classes
END_NAMESPACE(my_own)
// 条件编译
#ifdef __cplusplus // 定义了这个宏就是在用C++编译
extern "C" { // 函数按照C的方式去处理
#endif
void a_c_function(int a);
#ifdef __cplusplus // 检查是否是C++编译
} // extern "C" 结束
#endif
#if __cplusplus >= 201402 // 检查C++标准的版本号
cout << "c++14 or later" << endl; // 201402就是C++14
#elif __cplusplus >= 201103 // 检查C++标准的版本号
cout << "c++11 or before" << endl; // 201103是C++11
#else // __cplusplus < 201103 // 199711是C++98
# error "c++ is too old" // 太低则预处理报错
#endif // __cplusplus >= 201402 // 预处理语句结束
// ## 字符串拼接
#define print(x) print ## x
print(f)("hello\n"); // printf("hello\n");
$ g++ -E -dM - < /dev/null
#define __SSP_STRONG__ 3
#define __DBL_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __FLT32X_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ 0xffff
#define __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE 2
#define __FLT128_MAX_10_EXP__ 4932
#define __FLT_MIN__ 1.17549435082228750796873653722224568e-38F
#define __GCC_IEC_559_COMPLEX 2
#define __UINT_LEAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT80__ 16
#define __INTMAX_C(c) c ## L
#define __CHAR_BIT__ 8
#define __UINT8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __WINT_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __FLT32_MIN_EXP__ (-125)
#define __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ 1234
#define __SIZE_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __WCHAR_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_1 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_2 1
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_4 1
#define __DBL_DENORM_MIN__ ((double)4.94065645841246544176568792868221372e-324L)
#define __GCC_HAVE_SYNC_COMPARE_AND_SWAP_8 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __GCC_IEC_559 2
#define __FLT32X_DECIMAL_DIG__ 17
#define __FLT_EVAL_METHOD__ 0
#define __unix__ 1
#define __FLT64_DECIMAL_DIG__ 17
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR32_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __x86_64 1
#define __UINT_FAST64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_TYPE__ int
#define __DBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-307)
#define __FINITE_MATH_ONLY__ 0
#define __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ 0
#define __FLT32_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __UINT_FAST8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __has_include(STR) __has_include__(STR)
#define __DEC64_MAX_EXP__ 385
#define __INT8_C(c) c
#define __INT_LEAST8_WIDTH__ 8
#define __UINT_LEAST64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __SHRT_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __LDBL_MAX__ 1.18973149535723176502126385303097021e+4932L
#define __FLT64X_MAX_10_EXP__ 4932
#define __UINT_LEAST8_MAX__ 0xff
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_BOOL_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLT128_DENORM_MIN__ 6.47517511943802511092443895822764655e-4966F128
#define __UINTMAX_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __linux 1
#define __DEC32_EPSILON__ 1E-6DF
#define __FLT_EVAL_METHOD_TS_18661_3__ 0
#define __unix 1
#define __UINT32_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __LDBL_MAX_EXP__ 16384
#define __FLT128_MIN_EXP__ (-16381)
#define __WINT_MIN__ 0U
#define __linux__ 1
#define __FLT128_MIN_10_EXP__ (-4931)
#define __INT_LEAST16_WIDTH__ 16
#define __SCHAR_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __FLT128_MANT_DIG__ 113
#define __WCHAR_MIN__ (-__WCHAR_MAX__ - 1)
#define __INT64_C(c) c ## L
#define __DBL_DIG__ 15
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_POINTER_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLT64X_MANT_DIG__ 64
#define __SIZEOF_INT__ 4
#define __SIZEOF_POINTER__ 8
#define __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__
#define __FLT64X_EPSILON__ 1.08420217248550443400745280086994171e-19F64x
#define __STDC_HOSTED__ 1
#define __LDBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __FLT32_DIG__ 6
#define __FLT_EPSILON__ 1.19209289550781250000000000000000000e-7F
#define __SHRT_WIDTH__ 16
#define __LDBL_MIN__ 3.36210314311209350626267781732175260e-4932L
#define __STDC_UTF_16__ 1
#define __DEC32_MAX__ 9.999999E96DF
#define __FLT64X_DENORM_MIN__ 3.64519953188247460252840593361941982e-4951F64x
#define __FLT32X_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __INT32_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __INT_WIDTH__ 32
#define __SIZEOF_LONG__ 8
#define __STDC_IEC_559__ 1
#define __STDC_ISO_10646__ 201706L
#define __UINT16_C(c) c
#define __PTRDIFF_WIDTH__ 64
#define __DECIMAL_DIG__ 21
#define __FLT64_EPSILON__ 2.22044604925031308084726333618164062e-16F64
#define __gnu_linux__ 1
#define __INTMAX_WIDTH__ 64
#define __has_include_next(STR) __has_include_next__(STR)
#define __FLT64X_MIN_10_EXP__ (-4931)
#define __LDBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT64_MANT_DIG__ 53
#define __GNUC__ 7
#define __pie__ 2
#define __MMX__ 1
#define __FLT_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE__ 16
#define __BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__ 16
#define __FLT64_MAX_10_EXP__ 308
#define __DBL_MAX__ ((double)1.79769313486231570814527423731704357e+308L)
#define __INT_FAST32_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __DBL_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __DEC32_MIN_EXP__ (-94)
#define __INTPTR_WIDTH__ 64
#define __FLT32X_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __INT_FAST16_TYPE__ long int
#define __LDBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __FLT128_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __DEC128_MAX__ 9.999999999999999999999999999999999E6144DL
#define __INT_LEAST32_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __DEC32_MIN__ 1E-95DF
#define __DBL_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __WCHAR_WIDTH__ 32
#define __FLT32_MAX__ 3.40282346638528859811704183484516925e+38F32
#define __DEC128_EPSILON__ 1E-33DL
#define __SSE2_MATH__ 1
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_RELEASE 131072
#define __PTRDIFF_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __amd64 1
#define __STDC_NO_THREADS__ 1
#define __ATOMIC_HLE_ACQUIRE 65536
#define __FLT32_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffLL
#define __SIZEOF_SIZE_T__ 8
#define __FLT64X_MIN_EXP__ (-16381)
#define __SIZEOF_WINT_T__ 4
#define __LONG_LONG_WIDTH__ 64
#define __FLT32_MAX_EXP__ 128
#define __GCC_HAVE_DWARF2_CFI_ASM 1
#define __GXX_ABI_VERSION 1011
#define __FLT_MIN_EXP__ (-125)
#define __FLT64X_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __INT_FAST64_TYPE__ long int
#define __FLT64_DENORM_MIN__ 4.94065645841246544176568792868221372e-324F64
#define __DBL_MIN__ ((double)2.22507385850720138309023271733240406e-308L)
#define __PIE__ 2
#define __LP64__ 1
#define __FLT32X_EPSILON__ 2.22044604925031308084726333618164062e-16F32x
#define __DECIMAL_BID_FORMAT__ 1
#define __FLT64_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __FLT64_MIN_10_EXP__ (-307)
#define __FLT64X_DECIMAL_DIG__ 21
#define __DEC128_MIN__ 1E-6143DL
#define __REGISTER_PREFIX__
#define __UINT16_MAX__ 0xffff
#define __DBL_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __FLT32_MIN__ 1.17549435082228750796873653722224568e-38F32
#define __UINT8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __NO_INLINE__ 1
#define __FLT_MANT_DIG__ 24
#define __LDBL_DECIMAL_DIG__ 21
#define __VERSION__ "7.3.0"
#define __UINT64_C(c) c ## UL
#define _STDC_PREDEF_H 1
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLT128_MAX_EXP__ 16384
#define __FLT32_MANT_DIG__ 24
#define __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __STDC_IEC_559_COMPLEX__ 1
#define __FLT128_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __FLT128_DIG__ 33
#define __SCHAR_WIDTH__ 8
#define __INT32_C(c) c
#define __DEC64_EPSILON__ 1E-15DD
#define __ORDER_PDP_ENDIAN__ 3412
#define __DEC128_MIN_EXP__ (-6142)
#define __FLT32_MAX_10_EXP__ 38
#define __INT_FAST32_TYPE__ long int
#define __UINT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __FLT64X_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define unix 1
#define __INT16_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __SIZE_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __UINT64_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __FLT64X_DIG__ 18
#define __INT8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __ELF__ 1
#define __GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__ 1
#define __FLT_RADIX__ 2
#define __INT_LEAST16_TYPE__ short int
#define __LDBL_EPSILON__ 1.08420217248550443400745280086994171e-19L
#define __UINTMAX_C(c) c ## UL
#define __SSE_MATH__ 1
#define __k8 1
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_WCHAR_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __SIZEOF_PTRDIFF_T__ 8
#define __FLT32X_MANT_DIG__ 53
#define __x86_64__ 1
#define __FLT32X_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __DEC32_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000001E-95DF
#define __INT_FAST16_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __FLT64_DIG__ 15
#define __UINT_FAST32_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __UINT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __FLT_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT_MAX_10_EXP__ 38
#define __LONG_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __FLT64X_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __DEC128_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000000000000000000000001E-6143DL
#define __FLT_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __UINT_FAST16_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __DEC64_MAX__ 9.999999999999999E384DD
#define __INT_FAST32_WIDTH__ 64
#define __CHAR16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __PRAGMA_REDEFINE_EXTNAME 1
#define __SIZE_WIDTH__ 64
#define __SEG_FS 1
#define __INT_LEAST16_MAX__ 0x7fff
#define __DEC64_MANT_DIG__ 16
#define __INT64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __UINT_LEAST32_MAX__ 0xffffffffU
#define __SEG_GS 1
#define __FLT32_DENORM_MIN__ 1.40129846432481707092372958328991613e-45F32
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_WIDTH__ 32
#define __INT_LEAST64_TYPE__ long int
#define __INT16_TYPE__ short int
#define __INT_LEAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __STDC_VERSION__ 201112L
#define __DEC32_MAX_EXP__ 97
#define __INT_FAST8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __FLT128_MAX__ 1.18973149535723176508575932662800702e+4932F128
#define __INTPTR_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define linux 1
#define __FLT64_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT32_MIN_10_EXP__ (-37)
#define __SSE2__ 1
#define __FLT32X_DIG__ 15
#define __LDBL_MANT_DIG__ 64
#define __DBL_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __FLT64_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __FLT64X_MAX__ 1.18973149535723176502126385303097021e+4932F64x
#define __SIG_ATOMIC_MIN__ (-__SIG_ATOMIC_MAX__ - 1)
#define __code_model_small__ 1
#define __k8__ 1
#define __INTPTR_TYPE__ long int
#define __UINT16_TYPE__ short unsigned int
#define __WCHAR_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT__ 4
#define __pic__ 2
#define __UINTPTR_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __INT_FAST64_WIDTH__ 64
#define __DEC64_MIN_EXP__ (-382)
#define __FLT32_DECIMAL_DIG__ 9
#define __INT_FAST64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_TEST_AND_SET_TRUEVAL 1
#define __FLT_DIG__ 6
#define __FLT32_HAS_INFINITY__ 1
#define __FLT64X_MAX_EXP__ 16384
#define __UINT_FAST64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __INT_MAX__ 0x7fffffff
#define __amd64__ 1
#define __INT64_TYPE__ long int
#define __FLT_MAX_EXP__ 128
#define __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ 4321
#define __DBL_MANT_DIG__ 53
#define __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__ 16
#define __INT_LEAST64_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_CHAR16_T_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __DEC64_MIN__ 1E-383DD
#define __WINT_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __UINT_LEAST32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __SIZEOF_SHORT__ 2
#define __SSE__ 1
#define __LDBL_MIN_EXP__ (-16381)
#define __FLT64_MAX__ 1.79769313486231570814527423731704357e+308F64
#define __WINT_WIDTH__ 32
#define __INT_LEAST8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __FLT32X_MAX_10_EXP__ 308
#define __SIZEOF_INT128__ 16
#define __LDBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 4932
#define __ATOMIC_RELAXED 0
#define __DBL_EPSILON__ ((double)2.22044604925031308084726333618164062e-16L)
#define __FLT128_MIN__ 3.36210314311209350626267781732175260e-4932F128
#define _LP64 1
#define __UINT8_C(c) c
#define __FLT64_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __INT_LEAST32_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_WCHAR_T__ 4
#define __UINT64_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __FLT128_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __INT_FAST8_TYPE__ signed char
#define __FLT64X_MIN__ 3.36210314311209350626267781732175260e-4932F64x
#define __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ 1
#define __FLT64_HAS_DENORM__ 1
#define __FLT32_EPSILON__ 1.19209289550781250000000000000000000e-7F32
#define __DBL_DECIMAL_DIG__ 17
#define __STDC_UTF_32__ 1
#define __INT_FAST8_WIDTH__ 8
#define __FXSR__ 1
#define __DEC_EVAL_METHOD__ 2
#define __FLT32X_MAX__ 1.79769313486231570814527423731704357e+308F32x
#define __UINT32_C(c) c ## U
#define __INTMAX_MAX__ 0x7fffffffffffffffL
#define __BYTE_ORDER__ __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define __FLT_DENORM_MIN__ 1.40129846432481707092372958328991613e-45F
#define __INT8_MAX__ 0x7f
#define __LONG_WIDTH__ 64
#define __PIC__ 2
#define __UINT_FAST32_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __CHAR32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __FLT_MAX__ 3.40282346638528859811704183484516925e+38F
#define __INT32_TYPE__ int
#define __SIZEOF_DOUBLE__ 8
#define __FLT_MIN_10_EXP__ (-37)
#define __FLT64_MIN__ 2.22507385850720138309023271733240406e-308F64
#define __INT_LEAST32_WIDTH__ 32
#define __INTMAX_TYPE__ long int
#define __DEC128_MAX_EXP__ 6145
#define __FLT32X_HAS_QUIET_NAN__ 1
#define __ATOMIC_CONSUME 1
#define __GNUC_MINOR__ 3
#define __INT_FAST16_WIDTH__ 64
#define __UINTMAX_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __DEC32_MANT_DIG__ 7
#define __FLT32X_DENORM_MIN__ 4.94065645841246544176568792868221372e-324F32x
#define __DBL_MAX_10_EXP__ 308
#define __LDBL_DENORM_MIN__ 3.64519953188247460252840593361941982e-4951L
#define __INT16_C(c) c
#define __STDC__ 1
#define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ long int
#define __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST 5
#define __UINT32_TYPE__ unsigned int
#define __FLT32X_MIN_10_EXP__ (-307)
#define __UINTPTR_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __DEC64_SUBNORMAL_MIN__ 0.000000000000001E-383DD
#define __DEC128_MANT_DIG__ 34
#define __LDBL_MIN_10_EXP__ (-4931)
#define __FLT128_EPSILON__ 1.92592994438723585305597794258492732e-34F128
#define __SIZEOF_LONG_LONG__ 8
#define __FLT128_DECIMAL_DIG__ 36
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_LLONG_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __FLT32X_MIN__ 2.22507385850720138309023271733240406e-308F32x
#define __LDBL_DIG__ 18
#define __FLT_DECIMAL_DIG__ 9
#define __UINT_FAST16_MAX__ 0xffffffffffffffffUL
#define __GCC_ATOMIC_SHORT_LOCK_FREE 2
#define __INT_LEAST64_WIDTH__ 64
#define __UINT_FAST8_TYPE__ unsigned char
#define __ATOMIC_ACQ_REL 4
#define __ATOMIC_RELEASE 3
#if defined(__cpp_decltype_auto) //检查是否支持decltype(auto)
cout << "decltype(auto) enable" << endl;
#else
cout << "decltype(auto) disable" << endl;
#endif //__cpp_decltype_auto
#if __GNUC__ <= 4
cout << "gcc is too old" << endl;
#else // __GNUC__ > 4
cout << "gcc is good enough" << endl;
#endif // __GNUC__ <= 4
#if defined(__SSE4_2__) && defined(__x86_64)
cout << "we can do more optimization" << endl;
#endif // defined(__SSE4_2__) && defined(__x86_64)
Tips
__PRETTY_FUNCTION__
#include <iostream>
template<typename T>
void func(T&& param)
{
std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
std::cout << param << std::endl;
}
void f()
{
std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
std::cout << __FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}
int main()
{
f();
int a{100};
func(a); // ok
func(100); // ok
}
/*
void f()
f
void func(T&&) [with T = int&]
100
void func(T&&) [with T = int]
100
*/
测试代码
// demo.cpp
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
#
#if __linux__
# define HAS_LINUX 1
#endif
#
std::cout << "HAS_LINUX: " << HAS_LINUX << std::endl;
return 0;
}
执行g++ -E demo.cpp -o demo.cxx，可以得到预处理后的cpp代码，然后查看demo.cxx(文件比较大，28160L, 665409C)
可以看到，
# 229 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h" 3表示将bits/c++config.h第229行包含展开在这里。533 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h" 3表示将bits/c++config.h第533行的#include <bits/os_defines.h>，通过#include包含展开另一个文件的内容。
// ...
# 229 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h" 3
namespace std
{
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
typedef long int ptrdiff_t;
typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;
}
# 251 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h" 3
namespace std
{
inline namespace __cxx11 __attribute__((__abi_tag__ ("cxx11"))) { }
}
namespace __gnu_cxx
{
inline namespace __cxx11 __attribute__((__abi_tag__ ("cxx11"))) { }
# 533 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h" 3
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/os_defines.h" 1 3
# 39 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/os_defines.h" 3
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
// ...
# 3 "demo.cpp"
int main()
{
std::cout << "HAS_LINUX: " << 1 << std::endl;
return 0;
}
下面以bits/c++config.h为例，看下其内容。
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7/bits/c++config.h是GNU ISO C++ Library的一部分文件，定义了C++的符号和宏（Predefined symbols and macros -*- C++ -*-）_GLIBCXX_RELEASE对应gcc -v查看的gcc版本号
/** @file bits/c++config.h
* This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
* Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{iosfwd}
*/
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_CXX_CONFIG_H
#define _GLIBCXX_CXX_CONFIG_H 1
// The major release number for the GCC release the C++ library belongs to.
#define _GLIBCXX_RELEASE 7
// The datestamp of the C++ library in compressed ISO date format.
#define __GLIBCXX__ 20180720
// Macros for various attributes.
// _GLIBCXX_PURE
// _GLIBCXX_CONST
// _GLIBCXX_NORETURN
// _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW
// _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_PURE
# define _GLIBCXX_PURE __attribute__ ((__pure__))
#endif
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_CONST
# define _GLIBCXX_CONST __attribute__ ((__const__))
#endif
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_NORETURN
# define _GLIBCXX_NORETURN __attribute__ ((__noreturn__))
#endif
// See below for C++
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW
# ifndef __cplusplus
# define _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW __attribute__((__nothrow__))
# endif
#endif
// ...
// Macros for deprecated attributes.
// _GLIBCXX_USE_DEPRECATED
// _GLIBCXX_DEPRECATED
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_USE_DEPRECATED
# define _GLIBCXX_USE_DEPRECATED 1
#endif
#if defined(__DEPRECATED) && (__cplusplus >= 201103L)
# define _GLIBCXX_DEPRECATED __attribute__ ((__deprecated__))
#else
# define _GLIBCXX_DEPRECATED
#endif
// ...
#if __cplusplus
// Macro for constexpr, to support in mixed 03/0x mode.
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR
# if __cplusplus >= 201103L
# define _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR constexpr
# define _GLIBCXX_USE_CONSTEXPR constexpr
# else
# define _GLIBCXX_CONSTEXPR
# define _GLIBCXX_USE_CONSTEXPR const
# endif
#endif
#ifndef _GLIBCXX14_CONSTEXPR
# if __cplusplus >= 201402L
# define _GLIBCXX14_CONSTEXPR constexpr
# else
# define _GLIBCXX14_CONSTEXPR
# endif
#endif
#ifndef _GLIBCXX17_CONSTEXPR
# if __cplusplus > 201402L
# define _GLIBCXX17_CONSTEXPR constexpr
# else
# define _GLIBCXX17_CONSTEXPR
# endif
#endif
// ...
namespace std
{
typedef __SIZE_TYPE__ size_t;
typedef __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ ptrdiff_t;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;
#endif
}
// ...
// First includes.
// Pick up any OS-specific definitions.
#include <bits/os_defines.h>
// Pick up any CPU-specific definitions.
#include <bits/cpu_defines.h>
// ...
#endif // _GLIBCXX_CXX_CONFIG_H